Performing a business transaction without disclosing sensitive identity information to a relying party

ABSTRACT

A user engages in a transaction with a relying party. The relying party requests identity information from the user in a security policy and identifies transaction elements for an on-line business transaction. Typically, the security policy and transaction elements are transmitted together; the security policy can be as little as a request to conduct the on-line business transaction. The user identifies an information card that satisfies the security policy. The computer system requests a security token from the identity provider managing the information card, which can include requesting a transaction receipt for the transaction elements. The computer system then returns the security token (and the transaction receipt) to the relying party, to complete the transaction.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/895,312, filed Mar. 16, 2007, of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/895,316, filed Mar. 16, 2007,and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/895,325, filedMar. 16, 2007, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference for allpurposes.

This patent application is related to co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. ______, filed ______, and to co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. ______, filed ______, both of which claim the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/895,325, filed Mar. 16, 2007,of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/895,312, filed Mar.16, 2007, and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/895,316, filed Mar. 16, 2007, all of which are all herebyincorporated by reference for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to performing on-line business transactions, andmore particularly to performing transactions in a manner that enablesthe user to control the release of information.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

When a user interacts with sites on the Internet (hereafter referred toas “service providers” or “relying parties”), the service provider oftenexpects to know something about the user that is requesting the servicesof the provider. The typical approach for a service provider is torequire the user to log into or authenticate to the service provider'scomputer system. But this approach, while satisfactory for the serviceprovider, is less than ideal to the user. First, the user must remembera username and password for each service provider who expects suchinformation. Given that different computer systems impose differentrequirements, and the possibility that another user might have chosenthe same username, the user might be unable to use the sameusername/password combination on each such computer system. (There isalso the related problem that if the user uses the sameusername/password combination on multiple computer systems, someone whohacks one such computer system would be able to access other suchcomputer systems.) Second, the user has no control over how the serviceprovider uses the information it stores. If the service provider usesthe stored information in a way the user does not want, the user hasrelatively little ability to prevent such abuse, or recourse after thefact.

To address this problem, new systems have been developed that allow theuser a measure of control over the information stored about the user.Windows CardSpace™ (sometimes called CardSpace) is a Microsoftimplementation of an identity meta-system that offers a solution to thisproblem. (Microsoft, Windows, and CardSpace are either registeredtrademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United Statesand/or other countries.) A user can store identity information with anidentity provider the user trusts. When a service provider wants someinformation about the user, the user can control the release ofinformation stored with the identity provider to the service provider.The user can then use the offered services that required the identityinformation.

One problem with this model is that the service provider is onlyconcerned with making sure the service provider is not defrauded bysomeone posing as the user. The service provider is concerned withprotecting their legal liability, not in protecting the user'sinformation. While this concern partially parallels a concern of theuser, the concerns do not overlap.

Another problem can occur if a third party is able to convince theidentity provider to release the user's information (for example, bysufficiently “authenticating” to the identity provider as the user): theuser has no way to know this release has occurred. Such a subversion ofinformation, commonly termed “identity theft” today, is a major concernto users whose identities are stolen. Users whose identities are stolenface a major hassle in clearing the record of the charges madeimproperly in their names: this hassle can sometimes takes years toresolve and can have major financial implications for the users in thelong term. For example, charges that are not paid are often reported tocredit bureaus and have a negative impact on the users' credit ratings.A user who was about to take out a mortgage to purchase a house mightfind themselves forced to pay a higher interest rate or be considered ahigher risk loan borrower. This kind of impact to users can be even moreonerous than the time it takes to fix the records at the credit bureaus.

Banks also suffer as a consequence of identity theft. If a bank makes apayment ostensibly on behalf of a user but that was actually charged bysomeone who had stolen the user's identity, the bank will probably notbe able to recover the lost funds. For example, credit card agreementsoften agree to limit customer liability for fraudulent charges to $50 ifthe customer reports the fraudulent charge quickly enough. As both theuser and the merchant were relying on the bank to properly authenticatethe user before issuing payment, the bank usually ends up bearing theloss for the fraud.

Yet another problem with this model is that the use of such systemsrequires that the information card(s) be stored on the local machine. Ifthe user is using a machine that is not generally available to thepublic (for example, a work computer or a computer in the user's home),this limitation might not be a great concern. But if a user isattempting to perform the transaction from a public computer, such as acomputer in a public library, the user might not want to install suchinformation cards on the public computer. First, it might not bepossible to remove the information cards once installed. Second, theuser might forget to uninstall the information cards, leaving them onthe computer where someone else might be able to access and use them.

A need remains for a way to addresses these and other problemsassociated with the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment of the invention, a client can receive a securitypolicy from a relying party. The security policy can include elements ofa transaction to be performed, and can request a transaction receipt.Using the security policy, the client can select an information cardthat can satisfy the security policy. The client forwards the securitypolicy to an identity provider, who returns a security token. Thesecurity token can include the transaction receipt. The client can thenforward the security token (and the transaction receipt) to the relyingparty.

The foregoing and other features, objects, and advantages of theinvention will become more readily apparent from the following detaileddescription, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a sequence of communications between a client, a relyingparty, and an identity provider.

FIG. 2 shows a system to perform a business transaction withoutreleasing sensitive information to the relying party, according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows the sequence of communications of FIG. 1 modified tosupport performing the business transaction without releasing sensitiveinformation for the relying party.

FIG. 4 shows an information card including sensitive information used inperforming a transaction with the system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 shows transaction elements used in performing the transaction inthe system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a procedure to perform a transaction withoutdisclosing sensitive information in the computer system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 7 shows details of the identity provider of FIG. 1 equipped toprovide an audit service, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows examples of the types of audit actions that can beperformed by the audit service of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 shows how audit actions can be transmitted to the user in theaudit service of FIG. 7.

FIGS. 10A-10B show details of screens enabling a user to configure auditpolicies in the audit service of FIG. 7.

FIG. 11 shows details of transaction elements used in performing thetransaction in the audit service of FIG. 7.

FIG. 12 shows details of the memory of the identity provider of FIG. 7,storing a data structure to manage an audit service.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of how the audit policy is defined in theidentity provider of FIG. 7.

FIGS. 14A-14B show a flowchart of a procedure to perform an audit in theidentity provider of FIG. 7.

FIG. 15 shows additional details about the system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 16 shows different locations from which the pluggable cardproviders of FIG. 15 can be installed in the system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 17 shows the system of FIG. 2 supporting a user authenticating apluggable card store.

FIGS. 18A-18C show a flowchart of a procedure for processing a newlyconnected pluggable card store on the machine of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 19A-19C show a flowchart of a procedure for using an informationcard to perform a transaction using the machine of FIG. 2.

FIG. 20 shows a flowchart of a procedure for processing a newlydisconnected pluggable card store on the machine of FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Before explaining the invention, it is important to understand thecontext of the invention. FIG. 1 shows a sequence of communicationsbetween a client, a relying party, and an identity provider. Forsimplicity, each party (the client, the relying party, and the identityprovider) may be referred to by their machines. Actions attributed toeach party are taken by that party's machine, except where the contextindicates the actions are taken by the actual party.

In FIG. 1, computer system 105, the client, is shown as includingcomputer 110, monitor 115, keyboard 120, and mouse 125. A person skilledin the art will recognize that other components can be included withcomputer system 105: for example, other input/output devices, such as aprinter. In addition, FIG. 1 does not show some of the conventionalinternal components of computer system 105; for example, a centralprocessing unit, memory, storage, etc. Although not shown in FIG. 1, aperson skilled in the art will recognize that computer system 105 caninteract with other computer systems, such as relying party 130 andidentity provider 135, either directly or over a network (not shown) ofany type. Finally, although FIG. 1 shows computer system 105 as aconventional desktop computer, a person skilled in the art willrecognize that computer system 105 can be any type of machine orcomputing device capable of providing the services attributed herein tocomputer system 105, including, for example, a laptop computer, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), or a cellular telephone.

Relying party 130 is a machine managed by a party that relies in someway on the identity of the user of computer system 105. The operator ofrelying party 130 can be any type of relying party. For example, theoperator of relying party 130 can be a merchant running a business on awebsite. Or, the operator of relying party 130 can be an entity thatoffers assistance on some matter to registered parties. Relying party130 is so named because it relies on establishing some identifyinginformation about the user.

Identity provider 135, on the other hand, is managed by a partyresponsible for providing identity information (or other suchinformation) about the user for consumption by the relying party.Depending on the type of information identity provider 135 stores for auser, a single user might store identifying information with a number ofdifferent identity providers 135, any of which might be able to satisfythe request of the relying party. For example, identity provider 135might be a governmental agency, responsible for storing informationgenerated by the government, such as a driver's license number or asocial security number. Or, identity provider 135 might be a third partythat is in the business of managing identity information on behalf ofusers.

The conventional methodology of releasing identity information can befound in a number of sources. One such source is Microsoft Corporation,which has published a document entitled Introducing Windows CardSpace,which can be found on the World Wide Web athttp://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa480189.aspx and is herebyincorporated by reference. To summarize the operation of WindowsCardSpace, when a user wants to access some data from relying party 130,computer system 105 requests the security policy of relying party 130,as shown in communication 140, which is returned in communication 145 assecurity policy 150. Security policy 150 is a summary of the informationrelying party 130 needs, how the information should be formatted, and soon.

Once computer system 105 has security policy 150, computer system 105can identify which information cards will satisfy security policy 150,Different security policies might result in different information cardsbeing usable. For example, if relying party 130 simply needs a usernameand password combination, the information cards that will satisfy thissecurity policy will be different from the information cards thatsatisfy a security policy requesting the user's full name, mailingaddress, and social security number. The user can then select aninformation card that satisfies security policy 150.

Once the user has selected an acceptable information card, computersystem 105 uses the selected information card to transmit a request fora security token from identity provider 135, as shown in communication155. This request can identify the data to be included in the securitytoken, the credential that identifies the user, and other data theidentity provider needs to generate the security token. Identityprovider 135 returns security token 160, as shown in communication 165.Security token 160 includes a number of claims, or pieces ofinformation, that include the data the user wants to release to therelying party. Security token 160 is usually encrypted in some manner,and perhaps signed and/or time-stamped by identity provider 135, so thatrelying party 130 can be certain that the security token originated withidentity provider 135 (as opposed to being spoofed by someone intent ondefrauding relying party 130). Computer system 105 then forwardssecurity token 160 to relying party 130, as shown in communication 170.

In addition, the selected information card can be a self-issuedinformation card: that is, an information card issued not by an identityprovider, but by computer system 105 itself. In that case, identityprovider 135 effectively becomes part of computer system 105.

In this model, a person skilled in the art will recognize that becauseall information flows through computer system 105, the user has ameasure of control over the release of the user's identity information.Relying party 130 only receives the information the user wants relyingparty 130 to have, and does not store that information on behalf of theuser (although it would be possible for relying party 130 to store theinformation in security token 160: there is no effective way to preventsuch an act).

The problem with this model is, as noted above, that the party managingrelying party 130 is only concerned with protecting itself, and not withprotecting the identity information of the user. For example, an on-linemerchant might require the user to log in to the system before the usercan perform an on-line purchase: once the user is logged in, then eitherthe credit card number provided to complete the transaction will bevalid, or the party that perpetrated the fraud is identified. But theon-line merchant does not worry about protecting the credit cardinformation: if the user's identity is known, the user can beresponsible for the security of the credit card information.

In addition, in an on-line transaction, there is some information thatdoes not flow through computer system 105. Specifically, the informationthat flows between relying party 130 and the party that processes thetransaction (e.g., the credit card processor) does not flow throughcomputer system 105. Because this information is not considered identityinformation by relying party 130, such information is not processedusing the same rules as the identity information.

Further, this model does not provide the user with any way to audit theuse of his or her information. If a fraud is perpetrated, the user onlyfinds out about the fraud in the standard ways: when someone comesdemanding payment for a transaction the user did not approve (or, if theuser is somewhat savvy, when the user checks his or her on-linetransaction records).

Yet another problem with this model is that there are some types ofinformation cards that can be used without the person using theinformation card having to provide any further credentials. If such acard is available to a third party, that third party might be able touse the information card when the third party should not be permitted todo so. Further, as noted above, the information card(s) used by the userneed to be stored on computer system 105. If computer system 105 is apublicly available computer system, then the user might be reluctant tostore information card(s) on computer system 105, because the user mightbe unable to remove the information card(s) or forget to do so. That thedata represented by the information cards might be protected by therequirement of a credential from the user might not be enough to satisfythe security needs of the user.

Now that the problems—finding a way to protect information that isimportant to the user but not considered identity information by therelying party, providing the user with audit capability for his or herinformation, and not having to store the information cards on a computersystem—are understood, solutions to the problem can be explained. FIG. 2shows a system to perform a business transaction without releasingsensitive information to the relying party, to perform a transactionwhich can be audited by an identity provider, and to perform atransaction without storing information card information on computersystem 105, according to embodiments of the invention. In FIG. 2,computer system 105 includes card selector 205, receiver 210, andtransmitter 215. Card selector 205 is responsible for enabling a user toselect information card 220 that satisfies the security policy. Receiver210 is responsible for receiving data transmitted to computer system105, and transmitter 215 is responsible for transmitting informationfrom computer system 105. These components are the same as those foundin computer system 105 as shown in FIG. 1. But receiver 210 andtransmitter 215 are also responsible for communicating with atransaction processor, which is different from computer system 105 inFIG. 1.

Protecting Information Important to the User that is Not IdentityInformation

FIG. 3 shows the sequence of communications of FIG. 1 modified tosupport performing the business transaction without releasing sensitiveinformation for the relying party. In FIG. 3, communication 140 is thesame as shown in FIG. 1: computer system 105 requests security policy150 from relying party 130. In communication 145, relying party 130provides security 150, which includes transaction elements 305. Asdiscussed elsewhere, transaction elements 305 can include any elementsof the transaction that would normally be provided by relying party 130.Examples of transaction elements 305 can include the overall cost of thetransaction to the user and an identifier of relying party 130 (so thatrelying party 130 can be properly credited for the transaction, perhapsby deposit of the cost into a bank account of relying party 130).

Computer system 105 requests a security token from identity provider 135in communication 155. In response, identity provider 135 sends securitytoken 160 back to computer system 105 in communication 165. Ingenerating security token 160, identity provider 135 processes thebusiness transaction between the user and relying party 130. Continuingwith the example of the user purchasing some items from relying party130, identity provider 135 can be a bank or other financial transactionprocessor, such as a credit card company. As a financial transactionprocessor, identity provider 135 can deduct an account of the user bythe cost of the transaction, and credit an account of relying party 130by that amount. Identity provider 135 can then generate a transactionreceipt, such as receipt 310, which can be included in security token160. In fact, if all relying party 130 requests is a transactionreceipt, then security token 160 might be nothing more than receipt 310.Finally, computer system 105 can send security token 160 to relyingparty 130 in communication 170.

Often, transaction elements 305 provided by relying party 130 will notbe enough to enable identity provider 135 to process the transaction.For example, relying party 130 is unlikely to know any accounts of theuser which could be used in processing the transaction by identityprovider 135. But relying party 130 does not need to know which accountof the user to use: relying party 130 only needs the transactionreceipt. Thus, computer system 105, recognizing that a financialtransaction is to occur, can present to the user a list of informationcards that identify accounts the user might use in completing thefinancial transaction. The user can then select the appropriateinformation card to be used; the account information identified by thisinformation card can provide enough information to identity provider 135to permit identity provider 135 to process the transaction.

It might happen that relying party 130, in providing security policy150, asks for more than just a transaction receipt. For example, relyingparty 130 might want to know something about the user. Recall that anolder way to perform a transaction involves the user logging in to theweb site of the service provider, then inputting to the web site enoughinformation to permit the transaction to be completed (such as creditcard information). Thus, relying party 130 in FIG. 3 might want to knowwhich user performed the transaction: for example, to be able to shippurchased items to the user. This possibility introduces new wrinklesinto the operation of the claimed invention.

In one embodiment, the user can have an information card that cansatisfy the needs of all parties: the information card identifies enoughinformation to permit identity provider 135 to process the transactionand generate receipt 310, and to provide the other information relyingparty 130 has requested. This is a straightforward solution to providingall the information relying party 130 wants. The user can also, if he orshe is not comfortable providing all the information relying party 130wants, choose to not do business with relying party 130, instead optingfor a competitor of relying party 130 that does not request as muchinformation.

In another embodiment, the user might not have a single information cardthat can be used to satisfy all parties' needs. For example, the usermight have one information card that includes the financial informationidentity provider 135 needs to process the transaction, and anotheridentity card that can satisfy the other requests of relying party 130.If a single identity provider 135 is capable of performing all thedescribed processes, then the user can create a single information cardthat can be used both to process the transaction (to generate receipt310) and to identify the other information to be provided to relyingparty 130.

If the user does not have an information card associated with a singleidentity provider 135 is not capable of providing all of the informationrequested by relying party 130 in security policy 150, then the solutionis more difficult. For example, the user's bank might be willing tostore banking information for the user, thus making the bank an identityprovider capable of processing a financial transaction. But the user'sbank might not want to store other information about the user. Toaddress this problem, in one embodiment the user can attempt to locate asingle identity provider 135 that can satisfy all of the requests ofrelying party 130. If the user can find a single identity provider thatcan provide all of the information relying party 130 wants, then theuser can establish an identity card with that identity provider, and asecurity token that is responsive to all of the requests of relyingparty can be generated. (The user, as discussed above, can also chooseto refuse to do business with relying party 130 in this situation.)

In another embodiment, computer system 105 parses security policy 150into different portions, which can be processed separately. For example,computer system 105 can separate the financial transaction portion ofsecurity policy 150 from the other requested information. The user canthen select one information card to process the transaction, and asecond information card to handle the request for other information.Each information card can be handled by a different identity provider:for example, the user's bank might handle the financial transaction,with a state-operated identity provider providing the other requestedinformation. In this situation, computer system 105 might return twosecurity tokens to relying party 130, Security policy 150 from relyingparty 130 can impose limitations on how receipt 310 is generated. Forexample, an on-line merchant might choose to only accept payment viaPayPal®, and not via a credit card. (PayPal is a registered trademark ofPayPal, Inc. in the United States.) The on-line merchant can thenspecify that payment is to be made using a PayPal account, and the cardselector would eliminate from consideration any information cards thatdo not offer payment via PayPal. A person skilled in the art willrecognize other ways in which security policy 150 can limit thegeneration of receipt 310.

If the additional elements are stored in an information card, access tothe data in the information card might be controlled so that the userneeds to provide credentials to access the data. In that case, thecredentials can be managed in a manner similar to the management ofcredentials for other information cards.

Transaction elements 305 can be generated in any desired manner. Forexample, the user can load items into a shopping cart system offered byrelying party 130. Or, relying party 130 can offer a pre-configuredpackage, enabling the user to select a number of items in a single step.Relying party 130 can also store a shopping cart from a previous visitby the user, permitting the user to identify the list of desired itemsover a period of time, rather than all at once. Relying party 130 canalso transfer a user's wish list into the shopping cart, so that theuser can fill the shopping cart based on items known to be of interestto the user.

While the above discussion suggests that the information card satisfyingsecurity policy 150 is one that establishes identity, it is important toremember that the information card does not need to actually establishthe user's identity. All that is required is that the selectedinformation card satisfies security policy 150. Assuming the selectedinformation card satisfies security policy 150, then the selectedinformation card “identifies” the user to the satisfaction of relyingparty 135, even if the information in the information card does notactually identify the user. Thus, for example, if security policy 150would be satisfied with an information card that includes a credit cardnumber, the selected information card does not necessarily need toactually “identify” the user's person: for example, the user's name.

FIG. 4 shows an information card including sensitive information used inperforming a transaction with the system of FIG. 2. In FIG. 4, anexample of information card 220 is shown in greater detail. Informationcard 220 is shown as including transaction information 405, whichincludes information such as the user's name, address, age, and bankinginformation. In particular, information card 220 includes a bank routingnumber and account number 410, which enables performing a transactionusing this account. In this example, information card 220 would permit adebit card transaction using a bank account, but a person skilled in theart will recognize how information card 220 could be modified to permitother types of financial transactions. For example, account number 410could be a credit card number, identifying a credit card account (inwhich case, there might not be a bank routing number).

Where information card 220 is a managed information card (that is,managed by an identity provider), the information represented byinformation card 220 is not actually stored on the user's computer. Thisinformation is stored by the identity provider. Thus, the informationdisplayed on information card 220 would not be the actual informationstored by the identity provider, but rather an indicator of whatinformation is included in information card 220.

FIG. 5 shows transaction elements used in performing the transaction inthe system of FIG. 2. In FIG. 5, an example of transaction elements 305is shown in greater detail. In transaction elements 305, the relyingparty has provided a list of items 505 to be purchased, the total cost510 of the transaction, and an ID 515 of the merchant in thetransaction. To this information, the user can then add his transactionelements, such as his name, billing address, and bank account number (asshown in information card 220 of FIG. 4). The combination of transactionelements 305 and the additional elements is enough for the transactionprocessor to carry out the transaction and issue a transaction receipt.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a procedure to perform a transaction withoutdisclosing sensitive information in the computer system of FIG. 2. InFIG. 6, at block 605, the elements of a transaction are identified.These elements are typically partly identified by the user and partly bythe relying party. At block 610, the computer system receives thesecurity policy and transaction elements from the relying party. Asdiscussed above with reference to FIG. 3, the transaction elements areincluded as part of the security policy, but a person skilled in the artwill recognize that the transaction elements could be sent in acommunication separate from the rest of the security policy, if desired.At block 615, the user selects an information card that satisfies thesecurity policy, which is sent to the computer system. At block 620, thecomputer system requests a security token from the identity provider. Atblock 625, the computer system receives a security token from theidentity provider, which includes the receipt. Finally, at block 630,the computer system sends the security token (with the transactionreceipt) to the relying party.

As discussed above with reference to FIG. 3, in some embodiments, itmight occur that multiple security tokens could be coming from multipleidentity providers. For example, the transaction receipt might beprocessed by one identity provider, and a request for other informationby the relying party might be processed by another identity provider. Aperson skilled in the art will recognize how FIG. 6 can be modified toaccommodate these alternative embodiments.

While the above discussion focuses on transactions that are generallycommercial in nature, a person skilled in the art will recognize thatembodiments of the invention can be used in other contexts. For example,the relying party might be offering a service that does not require atransfer of finances from the user, but still request some non-identityinformation from the user. In such a situation, embodiments of theinvention can be used to control the release of the non-identityinformation in a manner that satisfies the user's security concerns.

Performing a Transaction which can be Audited by an Identity Provider

Before explaining how the computer system of FIG. 2 enables auditcapability, it is helpful to understand how the audit service isimplemented at the back end. FIG. 7 shows details of the identityprovider of FIG. 1 equipped to provide an audit service, according to anembodiment of the invention. In FIG. 7, identity provider 135 is shownas including receiver 705 and transmitter 710. Receiver 705 andtransmitter 710 are used for communicating with other machines involvedin the transaction. These machines can include computer system 105 andrelying party 130, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, but a person skilled in theart will recognize that there can be other machines participating in thetransaction. For example, in one embodiment, identity provider 135 canbe responsible for managing the identity information, but a separatemachine, termed the secure token service, can be responsible for issuingthe security token to the relying party. In that situation, receiver 705and transmitter 710 can also be used to communicate with the securetoken service.

Identity provider 135 also includes various data that can be used insome form to identify users. These data, examples of which are shownindividually in FIG. 7 as data 715 and 720, are the data that isrepresented in the information cards to the user on the client machine.Although FIG. 7 shows only two pieces of data 715 and 720, a personskilled in the art will recognize that identity provider 135 can storeany number of pieces of data for any number of users. Thus, for example,identity provider 135 might store three pieces of data for one user, onepiece of data for a second user, six pieces of data for a third user,and so on.

Associated with each piece of data are one or more audit policies.Further, the same audit policy can be associated with multiple pieces ofdata. FIG. 7 shows three audit policies associated with data 715 and720, with detail shown about audit policy 725. A person skilled in theart will recognize that there can be any number of audit policiesassociated with any given datum, potentially including none (if the userhas not yet configured an audit policy or is not concerned about beingable to audit the information referenced by the information card).Further, a person skilled in the art will recognize that a given userwith multiple pieces of data managed by identity provider 135 can havedifferent numbers of audit policies associated with the individual data,as desired. Receiver 705 enables users to define the audit policies,including one or more triggers 730 and audit actions 735. Trigger 730defines the event that, when it occurs, causes audit operator 740 toperform audit action 735. Further discussion about trigger 730 and auditaction 735 can be found with reference to FIGS. 8-10 below.

It is also possible for identity provider 135 to store an audit policythat is not associated directly with particular data, or even associatedwith any data. For example, the user might establish an audit policythat requests identity provider 135 to send an e-mail message to theuser any time a security token is generated, regardless of what data isincluded in the security token. One situation in which this is useful iswhere the relying party wants a security token, but does not need anyparticular data managed by the identity provider. Put another way, therelying party simply wants to know if the identity provider can issue asecurity token for the user: if the identity provider can issue asecurity token, it establishes that the identity provider canauthenticate the user. In some situations, this can be enoughinformation. As an example, a merchant might have a special arrangementwith a local company that employees of the company are offered adiscount when dealing with the merchant. If a user can authenticate toan identity provider that the merchant knows is managed by the companyand that only authenticates employees of the company, the merchant canrely on a security token from the identity provider as proof that theuser is actually employed by the company. Note, however, that even inthis situation, there is still some “data” being transmitted, even ifthe security token does not carry any managed information about theuser: the security token identifies the identity provider. The merchantcan specify that the security token must be provided by the company'sidentity provider as part of the requirements for the requested securitytoken.

In another embodiment, the user can define an audit policy that ispartly based on data identity provider 135 stores, but is not directlyassociated with data that would be included in the security token. As anexample, a car rental agency that permits customers to reserve vehiclesover the Internet might want to know whether the user is 25 years old,as the agency does not want to rent vehicles to drivers under the age of25. Or a supermarket, which sells, among other groceries, alcohol, mightwant to be able to verify that a customer to its web site is 21 yearsold, and thus legally permitted to purchase alcohol. In examples likethese, the relying party is not interested a specific datum (such as theuser's age) managed by the identity provider, but rather in a value thatis derived from that datum. In the above examples, the relying partiesare interested in knowing whether the user was born a sufficient numberof years ago to meet some requirement. Note that the question beinganswered in these situations is not “What is the value?”, but rather“Does the value meet certain criteria?”: the latter question can beanswered with either a “Yes” or a “No” answer. In this embodiment, wherethe security token transmits data that is derived from a value managedby the identity provider, the user might establish an audit policy thatrequests an e-mail whenever the underlying datum (e.g., the user's dateof birth) is included in the security token, whenever a value derivedfrom that datum is transmitted, or both.

In this embodiment, the relying party can identify the requested derivedvalue in the security policy. The relying party can specify thisrequested derived value using a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), whichis a specific way to identify a requested datum from the identityprovider. The client might not know how to process the request for thederived value itself, but as long as the identity provider can processthe request (by recognizing the URI, which can be stored in theinformation card), the proper security token can be generated.

One type of derived value that can be the basis of an audit action is areceipt for a transaction. As discussed above in the section titled“Protecting information important to the user that is not identityinformation”, some relying parties can request a receipt for atransaction, such as a financial transaction, as part of the securitytoken. The user can specify an audit action, such as an e-mailcommunication, be performed when such a receipt is generated.

In yet another embodiment, the trigger for an audit can be the identityof the relying party or the identity provider being used. For example, auser might be interested in having an audit performed whenever atransaction involving a particular merchant occurs where the securitytoken is generated based on the user's authentication.

Returning briefly now to FIG. 2, it will be understood that receiver 210and transmitter 215 are used not only to transmit a request for securitytoken 160 and receive security token 160 in response. In addition,receiver 210 and transmitter 215 can be used to transmit audit policy725 to identity provider 135 and to receive communications that auditpolicy 725 has been triggered (assuming audit policy 725 instructs theidentity provider to transmit a message to client 105: if audit policy725 instructs the identity provider to perform some other actions as aresult of audit policy 725 being triggered, client 105 might not receivea communication from the identity provider).

FIG. 8 shows examples of the types of audit actions that can beperformed by the audit service of FIG. 7. In FIG. 8, examples of fourdifferent types of audit actions are shown. Message 805 is a shortmessage service (SMS) message, which can be transmitted to, for example,a cellular telephone. Message 810 is an example of a message that can betransmitted to the user: for example, an automated e-mail message.Message 810 can be any type of message: an e-mail, a log entry, etc.Message 810 can be transmitted to client 105, or to any other machine asspecified by the user. For example, message 810 can be an audit messagetransmitted to the user's account on a multi-user server (for example,an SMTP mail server) or to a special-purpose logging server. Message 810can optionally include information beyond the fact that the audit policywas triggered: for example, details about security token 160 to beissued in response to the security policy, an identifier of client 105that requested security token 160, an identifier of relying party 130,or elements of the transaction 815, among other possibilities. (A personskilled in the art will recognize that, depending on the available spacein the message, such additional information can also be included in SMSmessage 805, despite the fact that SMS message 805 is not shown asincluding any such elements.) Whether transaction elements 815 can beappended to message 810 depends on whether or not identity provider 135has access to this information. In the normal course of operation,identity provider 135 only receives the request to generate securitytoken 160. But the system can be modified to have the relying partyprovide transaction elements 815 to identity provider 135, which wouldpermit identity provider 135 to provide this information to the user (ifspecified in the audit policy). More information about transactionelements 815 is discussed below with reference to FIG. 11.

A person skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments of theinvention can be extended to other forms of contact with the user. Forexample, the user could provide a telephone number (such as a cellulartelephone number). Upon the triggering of an audit policy, the auditservice can call the cellular telephone number and inform the user ofthe information being disclosed. This can be done using an automatedrecording, with the information being disclosed vocalized (or someapproximation thereof) by the system. Alternatively, there can be amanned station to which the audit service is transferred: a person canthen take the call (which can be automatically dialed for theconvenience of the audit service employee, or the employee can manuallydial the telephone number) and provide a real person for the user tospeak with upon receiving the audit action. Another way in which auditservices can be provided is by logging transactions somewhere (forexample, in a database), which the user can access at a later time. Yetanother possibility would be to transmit an RSS feed of the auditedtransaction to the user.

FIG. 9 shows how audit actions can be transmitted to the user in theaudit service of FIG. 7. In FIG. 9, SMS message 805 is shown as beingsent to cellular telephone 905. Message 810 is shown as being sent tocomputer system 105 (the client machine that has requested the securitytoken for the transaction). Alternatively, message 810 can be sent toanother machine, such as machine 910. Sending message 810 to anothermachine can be useful in situations where the computer system 105 (theclient) is being used by a party masquerading as the user. If themessage is sent to the machine being used by the defrauding party, theparty would obviously confirm the fraud. But if the message is sent toanother machine, such as the user's e-mail account, the user would beable to receive the message and become aware of the potential fraud.

FIGS. 10A-10B show examples of screen enabling a user to configure auditpolicies in the audit service of FIG. 7. In FIG. 10A, screenshot 1005 isshown, offering the user a set of choices. The choices in triggers 1010identify some possible triggers for the audit policy. For example, inscreenshot 1005, the user has indicated what the triggers for theassociated information card (not identified in FIG. 10A) would be if thesecurity token includes the user's social security number or credit cardnumber, but not if the security token includes the user's name oraddress. Triggers 1010 can be populated automatically, based on theinformation stored in the information card, or can include genericidentifiers that can then apply to any data that meets that definition.For example, if the associated information card includes informationabout more than one credit card, the selected triggers would apply ifany credit card number would be included in the security token. Further,as discussed above with reference to FIG. 7, triggers can include thegeneration of the security token, without any reliance on particulardata managed by the identity provider, values derived from data managedby the identity provider (for example, whether the user is old enough todrive a vehicle or purchase alcohol), or the identity of the identityprovider or the relying party. For example, option 1015 enables a userto opt for a trigger being a value derived from a datum managed by theidentity provider.

FIG. 10B shows some additional triggers that can be used in audits. InFIG. 10B, triggers 1010 include options for the release of a securitytoken, the use of a particular identity provider, whether the securitytoken is being transmitted to a particular relying party, or if aparticular user is responsible for the request of the security token. Aperson skilled in the art will recognize that the triggers shown inFIGS. 10A-10B do not represent all of the available triggers, and thatthere can be any other desired triggers, including all triggersdescribed in this document. Other types of triggers (not checked orshown. in FIGS. 10A-10B) can include the release of information such asname, address, telephone number, instant messaging ID, SMS address,client IP address, and so on.

A person skilled in the art will also recognize that while triggers aregenerally defined based on the release of particular types of data,triggers can be broader in scope than just the release of data. Forexample, even if the security token does not include a particular datum,if the datum is implicated in some way, that implication can be atrigger. For example, if the identity provider is capable of processinga transaction using a user's credit card directly (so that the creditcard number would not need to be transmitted in the security token), thecharge to the credit card might trigger an audit policy, even though noinformation included in the security token would have by itselftriggered the audit policy.

Radio buttons 1020 provide the user with the ability to decide whetherthe triggers apply together or separately. In screenshot 1005, the userhas opted to have the audit occur if any of the triggers independentlyoccur. A person skilled in the art will recognize that more complicatedarrangements can be made, providing the user with the ability to grouptriggers in various ways. Grouped triggers would permit the user toapply different audit actions under different conditions. A personskilled in the art will also recognize that a similar result can beobtained with multiple different audit policies applying to the sameinformation card.

Audit actions 1025 specify the result the user wants taken when thetrigger condition occurs. In screenshot 1005, the user has specifiedonly one audit action to be performed: that an e-mail be sent to theuser's e-mail address (jdoe@email.com). The user could also haveselected to have an SMS message sent to a cellular telephone address, orhave a voice announcement sent to a telephone, among otherpossibilities. As with triggers 1010, the possibilities in audit actions1025 can be generated based on the associated information card, or theycan be generic audit actions.

Inclusions 1030 identify optional information that can be included inthe message to the user. In screenshot 1005, the user has opted to havethe ID of the client requesting the security token and the details ofthe transaction included in the message. The user could optionally havealso included information about the security token. As with triggers1010 and audit actions 1025, the possibilities in inclusions 1030 can begenerated based on the associated information card, or they can begeneric inclusion options.

In-line confirmation option 1035 permits the user to specify whetherconfirmation of the audit needs to be received before the transaction isconcluded. For example, when the user specifies in-line confirmation ofthe audit, the system needs to perform the selected audit actions andreceive the user's confirmation of the audit before transmitting thesecurity token to the relying party. The use of in-line confirmationpermits the user to block the transaction before the transaction iscompleted.

In other embodiments, information cards or identities can be shared. A“shared” information card or identity means just what it suggests: thata single information card or identity card can be shared by a number ofdifferent people. It is worth understanding the difference between theconcepts of a shared information card and a shared identity. A sharedinformation card is a single information card, which might be managed byan identity provider or self-issued, but which represents data that canbe used by two or more different users.

As an example of how this might occur, consider a family. The parentsmight establish a managed information card that stores a credit cardnumber. The parents might want to permit their children to be able tomake purchases on-line using the credit card (although the parents wouldprobably not want to permit unlimited purchases, and so might usein-line audits to establish a measure of control over their children'suse of the credit card number). The information card with the creditcard number can be shared, so that any member of the family (that is,any of the family that can authenticate themselves to the identityprovider) can use the data represented by that information card.

In contrast, a shared identity is where two or more different users areconsidered to have the same identity. This situation can occur when abusiness or other group of persons all want to be able to be able to useinformation cards associated with the identity, but the persons all wantto be treated as though they were the same individual once they wereauthenticated. For example, consider a business that a number ofemployees, all authorized to make purchases for the business. Thebusiness can issue each of the employees separate business credit cards,but that would require managing a number of different credit cardaccounts. Instead, the business can set up a single credit card, storethe credit card number in an information card, and arrange that anyemployee who authenticates himself or herself to the identity provideris to be treated as if he or she represented “the business”, without theemployee having a separate identity. Any such employee could then chargepurchases to the single credit card number, without each employeeneeding separate credit cards. Of course, in this model, the informationcard is still “shared” in a technical sense, but as far as theinformation card is used, all of its uses are confined to a singleidentity; it just happens to be that the single identity can be used byany number of different individuals.

One way in which shared identities can be used to provide differinglevels of access to information cards is to define roles. A “role”identifies a capability assigned to a particular type of person. Forexample, types of generic business roles might include “assistant”,“management”, and “officer”. Each role might have different limits onwhat they can do. Continuing the example, an assistant might bepermitted to use the shared business identity to make purchases up to$50 (for office supplies), a manager might be permitted to makepurchases up to $500 (for purchases that are necessary for the manager'sjob, but within limits), and an officer might be permitted to makepurchases up to $50000 (for large-scale purchases that affect thebusiness's operation as a whole, based on delegation of authority fromthe board of directors).

Another variation of the shared information card or shared identitymodel is delegated authorization. Returning to the family example, oneof the parents might create an information card storing the credit cardnumber, and rather than sharing the information card directly with thespouse, the spouse can be delegated authority to use the informationcard. Delegation is similar to sharing the information card, but leavesfull control over the information card in the hands of a singleindividual.

In these embodiments, where information cards are shared or delegated,or identities are shared other triggers can be used. For example,triggers can include the actual identity of the user using theinformation card (as opposed to the identity associated with thebusiness card, in the case of a shared identity). Triggers can beassociated with roles, so that when a person exceeds the capabilitiesassigned to their role, an audit can be performed. A person skilled inthe art will recognize other ways in which triggers can be based on dataother than the contents of the security token.

In addition to one person being able to audit a transaction of anotherperson, it is also possible to generalize the operation of the system inthe other direction. One person can indicate that a third party isdelegated responsibility (partial or whole) for the audit of thetransaction. For example, two parties might each share an informationcard, but both parties could specify that only one of the two people isresponsible for receiving the audit information. Or, one party candecide that they want to delegate responsibility for receiving auditinformation about their transactions to another party. These scenarioscan be achieved in screenshot 1005 by having the delegating user includethe delegate's information in section for audit actions 1025. Forexample, screenshot 1005 might be the audit policy for Mary Doe, who hasspecified in her audit policy that John Doe is to receive the audite-mail and authorize in-line the transaction.

FIG. 11 shows details of transaction elements used in performing thetransaction in the audit service of FIG. 7. In FIG. 11, details oftransaction elements 815 are shown. Transaction elements 815 can includeitem(s) 1105 being purchased, total cost 1110 of the transaction, andmerchant ID 1115, among other possibilities. In theory, any datapertinent to the transaction can be included in transaction elements815. Provided that such information is received by the identityprovider, the identity provider can include the information intransaction elements 815 for provision to the user.

FIG. 12 shows details of the memory of the identity provider of FIG. 7,storing a data structure to manage an audit service. As discussed abovewith reference to FIGS. 7-9, identity provider 135 can manage the auditservice. To accomplish such audit management, identity provider 135 canstore the audit policy information in a data structure in memory. Thememory can be a volatile memory, such as a random access memory (RAM),or it can be a non-volatile memory, such as flash memory, a hard drive,or some other memory structure. In FIG. 12, memory 1205 is suggested tobe RAM, but a person skilled in the art will recognize how embodimentsof the invention can be implemented using memories other than RAM.

In certain locations of memory, data structure 1210 can be stored. Datastructure 1210 stores datum ID 1215, audit action 1220, and in-line flag1225. Datum ID 1215 identifies the datum that, when requested to beincluded in the security token, triggers the performance of audit action1220. Although datum ID 1215 uses single tense terminology, a personskilled in the art will recognize that datum ID 1215 can identifymultiple data that can trigger audit action 1220 when all are includedin the security token or when included individually, to accommodate theuser's preferences, as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 10A-10B.Similarly, if the audit does not depend on a particular datum beingincluded in the security token, datum ID 1215 can be omitted. A personskilled in the art will recognize that if the associated datum includesan identifier of this audit policy, datum ID 1215 is not needed. Aperson skilled in the art will further recognize that the associationsbetween pieces of data and audit policies can be stored separately fromboth the data and the audit policies: perhaps in a separate table storessomewhere in the memory of identity provider 135.

Audit action 1220 can be any desired audit action, whether an SMSmessage or an e-mail (potentially including additional information), atelephone call (automated or manual), or any other desired audit action.Finally, in-line flag 1225 specifies whether the audit is to be approvedby the user before the security token is released. If in-line flag 1225does not indicate that the audit is to be performed in-line, then thesecurity token can be transmitted back to the client (and thence to therelying party) before audit action 1220 is performed.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of how the audit policy is defined in theidentity provider of FIG. 7. At block 1305, the user identifies thepieces of data for which the audit is to be performed. As discussedabove with reference to FIGS. 7 and 10A-10B, the audit can be associatedwith a single datum, with multiple data, or with no particular datum tobe included in the security token. At block 1310, the user identifiesthe triggers for the audit. As described above, the audit triggers canbe data that, when included in the security token, are considered by theuser sufficiently important to trigger an audit. At block 1315, the useridentifies the audit action to be taken. As described above, the auditaction can include an SMS message or an e-mail message (potentiallyincluding additional information), a telephone call (automated ormanual), or some other action desired by the user. At block 1320, theuser identifies whether the audit is to be performed in-line before thesecurity token is transmitted to the client (and thence to the relyingparty). Finally, at block 1325, once the identity provider has all thedata needed to carry out the audit, the identity provider stores theaudit policy, which is associated with the data.

FIGS. 14A-14B show a flowchart of a procedure to perform an audit in theidentity provider of FIG. 7. In FIG. 14A, at block 1405, the identityprovider receives an audit policy. FIG. 13, discussed above, providesmore detail as to how this can be accomplished. A person skilled in theart will recognize that the user can define the audit policy once, andit can be triggered and performed numerous times. A person skilled inthe art will further recognize that the audit policy can be defined at atime far removed from when the audit policy is accessed and the auditperformed.

At block 1410, the identity provider receives a request for a securitytoken. As discussed above with reference to FIG. 1, the request for thesecurity token can include the data to be included as claims in thesecurity token. At block 1415, the identity provider identifies theaudit policy/policies associated with the data to be included in thesecurity token. As discussed above with reference to FIGS. 7 and10A-10B, the audit policy/policies might not be associated with aparticular datum, but with other aspects of the security token; a personskilled in the art will recognize how FIGS. 14A-14B can be modifiedwhere the audit is not dependent on a datum to be included in thesecurity token. (In the remaining discussion of FIGS. 14A-14B, the focusis on a single audit policy, but a person skilled in the art willrecognize that if there multiple audit policies associated with theselected information card, they can be applies sequentially, inparallel, or in any other desired order.) At block 1420, the identityprovider identifies a trigger in the audit policy. At block 1425, theidentity provider performs an audit in response to the trigger. Thismeans that if the trigger occurred, the audit is performed; if thetrigger did not occur, then no audit is performed (and the rest of FIGS.14A-14B become irrelevant). At block 1430, the identity providerdetermines if in-line confirmation of the audit is required.

At block 1435 (FIG. 14B), assuming in-line confirmation of the audit isrequired, then the identity provider waits for confirmation. At block1440, the identity provider determines 30 if confirmation is received ordenied by the user. At block 1445, if the user denied confirmation ofthe audit, then the transaction is denied. Otherwise, at block 1450, thesecurity token is transmitted responsive to the selected informationcard and the relying party's security policy. Block 1450 is also reachedif, back at block 1430 on FIG. 14A, the audit policy does not requirein-line confirmation, in which case the security token can betransmitted without waiting for confirmation of the audit.

In the description above, the focus has been on the audit service beingmanaged by the identity provider. But a person skilled in the art willrecognize that the audit service does not need to be managed by theidentity provider. Provided that the audit service can interface withthe party responsible for issuing the security token, the audit servicecan be independent of the identity provider. Thus, for example,embodiments of the invention could have the audit service functionperformed by the secure token service, or by a machine separate from theidentity provider and the secure token service.

While the above discussion discusses transactions that are generallycommercial in nature, a person skilled in the art will recognize thatembodiments of the invention can be used in other contexts. For example,the relying party might be offering a service that does not require atransfer of finances from the user, but still request some non-identityinformation from the user. In such a situation, embodiments of theinvention can be used to perform audits of such transactions.

Performing a Transaction Without Storing Information Card Information onthe Computer System

FIG. 15 continues the detail of computer system 105. In FIG. 15, detailsof other 20 components of computer system 105 are shown. Computer system105 is shown as including card selector 205, which in FIG. 15 is shownwith the alternative name of identity selector/management userinterface.

Identity selector/management user interface 205 interfaces not only withthe user, but also with identity selector service 1505, which isresponsible for managing the information cards available on computersystem 105. Identity selector service 1505 interfaces with card providerregistry 1510, which is responsible for managing pluggable cardproviders, which in turn access card stores, both local and pluggable.Pluggable card stores can include card stores on discs such as disc 1515(which could be a compact disc (CD), digital video disc (DVD), or anyother form of optical storage), flash drive 1520, which is shown as aUSB flash drive, floppy disk 1525, cellular telephone 1530, or filetransfer protocol (FTP) server 1535 (which can be accessed via network1540). A person skilled in the art will recognize that the pluggablecard stores shown in FIG. 15 are merely exemplary, and that any devicethat can store card information can be used (for example, a personaldigital assistant (PDA)).

To manage the interface between the pluggable card stores and the user,various card providers can be used. FIG. 15 shows three such providers.File system card provider 1545 is responsible for managing pluggablecard stores that use a file system. In FIG. 15, file system cardprovider 1545 is shown as interfacing with disc 1515, flash drive 1520,and floppy disk 1525, as these devices typically use file systems tostore information. File system card provider 1545 can also be used toaccess local card store 1550, which stores cards that are installed oncomputer system 105. Bluetooth card provider 1555 is shown asinterfacing with devices that use Bluetooth: in FIG. 15, cellulartelephone 1530 is shown as providing this interface technology. FTP cardprovider 1560 is shown as interfacing with FTP server 1535 via network1540. A person skilled in the art will recognize that there can be anynumber of different interfaces, depending on the different devices thatcan be used to store information cards. For example, there can beproviders to manage pluggable card stores on smartcards or HTTP servers(not shown in FIG. 15).

Not shown in FIG. 15 are the connectors that provide the physicalinterface between the various pluggable card stores and computer system105. These physical interfaces, which include various connectors, caninclude various drives, such as a disc drive (CD, DVD, or other opticalformat, among other possibilities) or a floppy disk drive, a USB port,or a network connection (which can be a wired or wireless connection).Other connectors can include serial ports, parallel ports, IEEE 1394ports (commonly known as FireWire), telephone jacks, and so on.

As should be apparent from FIG. 15, a “pluggable card store” does notnecessarily require that the card store be carried by the user. Forexample, FTP server 1535 is a machine, remote to computer system 105,which stores information about information cards for the user. A userwould not be likely to carry FTP server 1535 in his pocket: an FTPserver is generally not considered “portable”. But because theinformation cards stored on FTP server 1535 can be accessed fromcomputer system 105 without the information cards having to be installedon computer system 105, FTP server 1535 is considered to be “pluggable”.It is also worth noting that even though FTP server 1535 is remote fromcomputer system 105, the information cards stored in FTP server 1535 arestill considered to be available at computer system 105 (although theuser might have to request a connection to FTP server 1535 to make theinformation cards available at computer system 105). A person skilled inthe art will recognize other ways in which card stores can be consideredpluggable without being portable: for example, via a secure remoteconnection to another machine the user trusts, such as the user's homecomputer.

FIG. 16 shows different locations from which the pluggable cardproviders of FIG. 15 can be installed in the system of FIG. 2. In FIG.16, computer system 105 is shown with card provider registry 1510; theother elements of FIG. 15 are not shown in FIG. 16. For any of a numberof reasons, card provider 1605 is to be plugged into card providerregistry 1510. These reasons can include that computer system 105 isbeing started, or that a pluggable card store is to be accessed that isaccessed via card provider 1605, among other possibilities.

Computer system 105 can install card provider 1605 from an internal harddrive, such as hard drive 1610. When present on hard drive 1610, cardprovider 1605 can reside as software 1615, which can then be installedas pluggable card provider 1605. Alternatively, card provider 1605 canbe loaded from software 1620 on pluggable card store 1520. (While FIG.16 shows software 1620 being installed from flash drive 1520 as thepluggable card store, a person skilled in the art will recognize thatsoftware 1620 can be stored on any pluggable card store.)

In yet another alternative, card provider 1605 can be installed fromsoftware 1625, stored on machine 1630, which can be reached fromcomputer system 105 via a network, such as network 1540. Machine 1630can be an external source of card provider 1625. For example, machine1630 can offer as a download the latest version of card provider 1625.Computer system 105 can download and install software 1625 as cardprovider 1605, which would potentially provide the most complete set offeatures for accessing pluggable card store 1520.

A person skilled in the art will recognize that hard drive 1610,pluggable card store 1520, and machine 1630 are examples of differentplaces from which card provider 1605 can be installed. A person skilledin the art will recognize that there can be other sources of softwarefor card provider 1605, as appropriate.

FIG. 17 shows additional details about the system of FIG. 2 using ofpluggable card stores. In FIG. 17, computer system 105 is shown asincluding authenticator 1705. Authenticator 1705 is used when thepluggable card store is secured in some manner. For example, thepluggable card store can be encrypted with an encryption key: access tothe information cards stored on the pluggable card store would requirethe user providing the decryption key. Authenticator 1705 is used inthis situation, to authenticate a request to access data on a pluggablecard store.

In FIG. 17, pluggable card store 1520 is shown with card store 1710,which stores information cards, such as information card 1715. Pluggablecard store 1520 includes credential 1720: before a user can access dataon pluggable card store 1520, the user must provide a matchingcredential. Authenticator 1705 then provides credential 1725 topluggable card store 1520 in response to the request for authentication,after which (assuming credential 1725 matches credential 1720) the usercan access card store 1710 on pluggable card store 1520.

Credentials “match” when the user provides the appropriate credentialused to respond to the authentication request. In some embodiments,credential 1725 matches credential 1720 by being identical to credential1720. In other embodiments, credential 1725 matches credential 1720 bybeing a corresponding, non-identical credential—for example, ifcredential 1720 is a public key, credential 1725 can match credential1720 by being the corresponding private key. A person skilled in the artwill recognize other ways in which credentials can “match”.

Although not shown in FIG. 17, computer system 105 can optionally storecredential 1725. For example, credential 1725 might be used toauthenticate to multiple card stores, not just pluggable card store1520. By storing credential 1725 in a store on computer system 105,computer system 105 can provide credential 1725 to multiple card storesto authenticate the user to the multiple card stores. In this manner,computer system 105 can authenticate multiple card stores without theuser having to provide credentials individually for each card store thatrequires authentication.

Whether computer system 105 stores credential 1725 can be a configurableoption. For example, a machine that is not a public machine, such as apersonal computer, can include such storage. The machine can also beconfigured to automatically store credential 1725 in the storage, or canask the user whether to store a particular credential for the user. Onthe other hand, if a public machine can be configured to not store thecredential, or ask whether to store the credential.

From the preceding discussion, one can see that computer system 105includes a framework that provides the capability of pluggable cardproviders offering access to various card stores. Computer system 105can be in any number of different states. For example, it might be thatcomputer system 105 includes a pluggable card provider, but no pluggablecard store 1520 is connected to computer system 105, and so thepluggable card provider is simply present, without being user. Or, acard store, such as pluggable card store 1520, can be connected tocomputer system 105, but computer system 105 does not include apluggable card provider capable of providing access to pluggable cardstore 105. It can also happen that pluggable card store 1520 isconnected to computer system 105, and there is a pluggable card provideravailable on computer system 105 that could interface with pluggablecard store 1520, but the pluggable card provider is not yet configuredto communicate with pluggable card store 1520. And, of course, pluggablecard store 1520 can be connected to computer system 105, which can havea pluggable card provider available to interface, and actuallycommunicating, with pluggable card store 1520.

A person skilled in the art will also recognize that it is possible forcomputer system 105 to exist without this framework. For example, abrand new computer might not yet have the framework installed to supportthe pluggable card providers and the pluggable card stores. In thatcase, this framework can be installed on computer system 105.

FIGS. 18A-18C show a flowchart of a procedure for processing a newlyconnected pluggable card store on the machine of FIG. 2. In FIG. 18A, atblock 1805, the machine identifies a pluggable card store available atthe machine. At block 1810, the machine determines whether a pluggablecard provider is installed at the machine: the pluggable card provideris used to access the pluggable card store. If the machine does not havea pluggable card provider to access the pluggable card store, then atblock 1815, the machine installs the pluggable card provider from anappropriate source.

At block 1820, once the pluggable card store is installed to access thepluggable card store, the machine interfaces with the pluggable cardstore using the pluggable card provider. At block 1825 (FIG. 18B), themachine determines whether the pluggable card store is locked. If so,then at block 1830 the machine receives from the user a credential thatcan be used to authenticate the user to unlock the card store. At block1835, the machine provides the credential to the pluggable card store.

At block 1840 (FIG. 18C), the machine determines whether the credentialwas validated (in other words, that the user was properlyauthenticated). If so, or if the pluggable card store was not locked (asdetermined at block 1825 of FIG. 18B), then at block 1845 the pluggablecard store is ready for use. Otherwise, at block 1850, the user cannotaccess the pluggable card store.

While FIGS. 18A-18C show one way in which a newly connected pluggablecard store can be processed to provide access to the information cardsstored on the pluggable card store, a person skilled in the art willrecognize that the pluggable card store can be processed in other ways.For example, rather than processing the newly connected pluggable cardstore when the pluggable card store is connected to the computer system,the pluggable card store can be processed when the user is looking forinformation cards. For example, this might occur when the user isinteracting with the card selector interface at some point in FIG. 19B.Before the information cards are presented to the user, the computersystem can discover the available pluggable card stores (includingreceiving credentials from the user when appropriate) and install theappropriate pluggable card providers in the framework if needed. Then,once the framework would support locating information cards within thepluggable card stores, the computer system could proceed with receivingfrom the user the identification of the selected information card.

FIGS. 19A-19C show a flowchart of a procedure for using an informationcard to perform a transaction using the machine of FIG. 2. In FIG. 19A,at block 1905, the system receives a security policy from a relyingparty. At block 1910, the system identifies information cards that cansatisfy the security policy.

At block 1915 (FIG. 19B), the system can present to the user a list ofall information cards available at the machine that satisfy the securitypolicy. Alternatively, the system can organize information cards bypluggable card store: at block 1920, the system presents to the user theavailable pluggable card stores, at block 1925, the system receives fromthe user a selected pluggable card store, and at block 1930, the systempresents to the user the list of information cards on the selectedpluggable card store that satisfy the security policy. A person skilledin the art will recognize other ways in which the system can present tothe user the available information cards: for example, listing allinformation cards available at the machine, but distinguishing betweeninformation cards that satisfy the security policy and information cardsthat do not satisfy the security policy.

At block 1935 (FIG. 19C), the system receives the user's selectedinformation card. At block 1940, the system requests a security tokenfrom the identity provider. The request identifies what data is to beused in the security token, the form of credential to be generated, andany other data the identity provider needs to generate the securitytoken. At block 1945, the system receives the security token from theidentity provider. Finally, at block 1950, the system forwards thesecurity token to the relying party.

FIG. 20 shows a flowchart of a procedure for processing a newlydisconnected pluggable card store on the machine of FIG. 2. In FIG. 20,at block 2005, the machine determines that a pluggable card store is nolonger available. This can occur if the user has disconnected thepluggable card store. For example, the user can unplug the pluggablecard store from its connector to the computer. Or the user can sever alogical connection to the pluggable card store, as can occur when thepluggable card store is accessed via a network (for example, an FTPserver). At block 2010, the machine determines if the pluggable cardprovider that was used to access the pluggable card store is still beingused (for example, to access another card store). If the machinedetermines that the pluggable card provider is no longer in use, then atblock 2015, the machine can unplug the pluggable card provider from themachine.

A person skilled in the art will recognize that the machine can leavethe pluggable card provider installed, even if it is not being used(e.g., to access a pluggable card store).

This is shown by dashed arrow 2020.

An Example Use Case

A person skilled in the art will recognize that the above-describedembodiments of the inventions can be combined, to offer functionalitygreater than any one of the applications individually can provide. Thefollowing example describes one way in which the embodiments can becombined. A person skilled in the art will recognize other ways in whichembodiments of the invention can be combined.

Consider a user named John. John is concerned with the proliferation ofcredentials that he has scattered across a number of web sites on theInternet, because each web site requires John to provide a username andpassword to access the web site's services. John has registered with hisbank's web site so that he can review transactions in his checking,savings, and credit card accounts. John has also registered with hislocal supermarket chain, which delivers his grocery orders to his housefor him, among other web sites. John recognizes that he is havingtrouble remembering all of the different username and passwordcombinations that the different web sites use, and wants to useinformation cards to simplify the management of authenticating himselfto the various web sites. Because his bank and supermarket are bothwilling to accept information cards, John can take advantage ofinformation cards to authenticate to both of these parties.

John is also concerned with being able to use his information cardsanywhere. Sometimes, John is at work when he decides he wants to make apot roast for dinner, but he does not have a roast in his refrigerator.In the past, he has used his supermarket's web site to order a roast andsome vegetables: John wants to continue to use the convenience ofordering groceries on-line.

But while John trusts his co-workers, he does not want to install hisinformation cards on a work computer. First, John does not have controlover which machine he uses on any given day: he, like his co-workers,just sits down at any free machine to do his work. If he wants to beable to order groceries on-line from work, he might have to install hisinformation cards on every computer at work. And ignoring the effortinvolved in installing his information cards on each machine at work andkeeping them synchronized (if data should happen to change), John isworried that he would have no control over his information cards ifsomeone were to steal one of the work computers, or if his companydecided to replace an older machine without warning.

John is also concerned about identity theft. He wants to be in completecontrol over his information. John does not want any information of histo be given out to a person who does not need it, under anycircumstances. And having heard rumors that people have spent yearstrying to clean up their credit histories after suffering identitytheft, John wants to have the right to approve the release of anyinformation in advance.

So John selects an identity provider he trusts. By a fortunatecoincidence, John's bank happens to offer services as an identityprovider, so John selects his bank to manage his information cards. Johnstores information with his bank—his identity provider. Of course, hisbank already has some of the information, so John only supplements theinformation the bank already has. John creates some information cardsthat he can use to log into his bank's web site and his supermarket'sweb site. One particular information card John creates includes all ofthe information John's bank manages for him, including information abouthis bank checking account—routing number, account number, and the like.John defines some audit policies, indicating that before any informationis released from the identity provider, they need to call him on hiscell phone and get confirmation from him to release the information.

John stores copies of the information cards he created on a USB flashdrive. He knows from personal experience that the computers at work allhave USB ports, and all recognize USB flash drives. Because he knows heis a little careless, John password protects the USB flash drive: untilthe correct password is provided, the data stored on the USB flash drivecannot be accessed. John feels comfortable that no-one would be able toguess his password, so if he loses the USB flash drive, his data will besufficiently safe.

Sometime the following week, John decides he needs a few ingredients tocook the dinner he wants that evening. John then goes to hissupermarket's web site and selects some groceries. When John isfinished, the supermarket's web site prompts John to provide theinformation needed to complete the transaction. In particular, thesupermarket's web site asks John for his shipping address and for theinformation about the account to debit for the transaction. John opts touse the information card system to satisfy this request.

John plugs his USB flash drive into a USB port on his work computer.John's work computer recognizes the presence of the USB flash drive,hums for a moment, then prompts John for the password to the USB flashdrive, which he provides. A few moments later, John's work computerdisplays the information cards stored on the USB flash drive.

John navigates to the information card on his USB flash drive thatrepresents his bank information, and selects it. The work computer thensays that he needs to authenticate himself to the identity provider.John provides the appropriate credential to the identity provider. A fewmoments later, John's cellular telephone rings. John picks up hiscellular telephone and answers the call. The call is an automated callfrom his identity provider: the computer at the other end of the callinforms John that it is being asked to release his shipping address andchecking account information. The machine at the other end of the callasks John to press “1” to permit the release of information, or to press“2” to decline to release the information. John presses “1”. A fewmoments later, John sees a graphic on the screen of his work computerthat the identity provider has sent the security token to his computer,which has been forwarded to the supermarket's web site. A moment later,John's work computer shows him the transaction details—the list of itemspurchased and the total purchase price—and a transaction receipt.

John notes the transaction in his checkbook. A moment later, the screenshows a “Thank you!” from the supermarket's web site for making thepurchase, with a promise that his groceries will be delivered before5:00 PM. John makes another mental note to be home by 5:00, so that theperishable groceries do not sit in the hot sun. John removes his USBflash drive from the USB port on his work computer (the computer humsfor a moment, then indicates the information cards are no longeravailable), and he returns to his work.

The following discussion is intended to provide a brief, generaldescription of a suitable machine in which certain aspects of theinvention may be implemented. Typically, the machine includes a systembus to which is attached processors, memory, e.g., random access memory(RAM), read-only memory (ROM), or other state preserving medium, storagedevices, a video interface, and input/output interface ports. Themachine may be controlled, at least in part, by input from conventionalinput devices, such as keyboards, mice, etc., as well as by directivesreceived from another machine, interaction with a virtual reality (VR)environment, biometric feedback, or other input signal. As used herein,the term “machine” is intended to broadly encompass a single machine, ora system of communicatively coupled machines or devices operatingtogether. Exemplary machines include computing devices such as personalcomputers, workstations, servers, portable computers, handheld devices,telephones, tablets, etc., as well as transportation devices, such asprivate or public transportation, e.g., automobiles, trains, cabs, etc.

The machine may include embedded controllers, such as programmable ornon-programmable logic devices or arrays, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits, embedded computers, smart cards, and the like. Themachine may utilize one or more connections to one or more remotemachines, such as through a network interface, modem, or othercommunicative coupling. Machines may be interconnected by way of aphysical and/or logical network, such as an intranet, the Internet,local area networks, wide area networks, etc. One skilled in the artwill appreciate that network communication may utilize various wiredand/or wireless short range or long range carriers and protocols,including radio frequency (RF), satellite, microwave, Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 545.11, Bluetooth, optical,infrared, cable, laser, etc.

The invention may be described by reference to or in conjunction withassociated data including functions, procedures, data structures,application programs, instructions, etc. which, when accessed by amachine, result in the machine performing tasks or defining abstractdata types or low-level hardware contexts. Associated data may be storedin, for example, the volatile and/or non-volatile memory, e.g., RAM,ROM, etc., or in other storage devices and their associated storagemedia, including hard-drives, floppy-disks, optical storage, tapes,flash memory, memory sticks, digital video disks, biological storage,etc. Associated data may be delivered over transmission environments,including the physical and/or logical network, in the form of packets,serial data, parallel data, propagated signals, etc., and may be used ina compressed or encrypted format. Associated data may be used in adistributed environment, and stored locally and/or remotely for machineaccess.

Having described and illustrated the principles of the invention withreference to illustrated embodiments, it will be recognized that theillustrated embodiments may be modified in arrangement and detailwithout departing from such principles, and may be combined in anydesired manner. And although the foregoing discussion has focused onparticular embodiments, other configurations are contemplated. Inparticular, even though expressions such as “according to an embodimentof the invention” or the like are used herein, these phrases are meantto generally reference embodiment possibilities, and are not intended tolimit the invention to particular embodiment configurations. As usedherein, these terms may reference the same or different embodiments thatare combinable into other embodiments.

Consequently, in view of the wide variety of permutations to theembodiments described herein, this detailed description and accompanyingmaterial is intended to be illustrative only, and should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the invention. What is claimed as the invention,therefore, is all such modifications as may come within the scope andspirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto.

1. An apparatus, comprising: a machine (105); a card selector (205) onthe machine (105) to receive a selection of an information card (220)from a user; a receiver (210) to receive a security policy (150) used inidentifying said information card (220), said security policy (150)including elements of a transaction (305) from a relying party (130), asecurity token (160) responsive to said security policy (150) from anidentity provider (135); and a transmitter (215) to transmit saidsecurity policy (150) to said identity provider (135) and said securitytoken (160) to said relying party (130), said security token (160)responsive to said security policy (150), wherein said security policyincludes elements of a transaction (305) and said security token (160)is at least partially responsive to said elements of a transaction(305).
 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said informationcard (220) includes information that can complete said transaction. 3.An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the information that cancomplete said transaction includes an identifier of an account number(410).
 4. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said elements ofsaid transaction (305) include at least one of a cost of saidtransaction (510) and an identifier of said relying party (130, 515). 5.An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said security policy furtherincludes a request for said receipt (310).
 6. An apparatus according toclaim 1, further comprising: a card provider registry (1510) installedon the machine (105); and a set of pluggable card providers (1545, 1555,1560) coupled to the card provider registry (1510), each of the set ofpluggable card providers (1545, 1555, 1560) operative to access at leastone pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535), each of said atleast one pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) includingat least one information card (1715).
 7. An apparatus according to claim6, wherein: the card provider registry (1510) is operative to requestand receive from each of the set of pluggable card providers (1545,1555, 1560) a list of information cards in said at least one pluggablecard store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535); and each of the set ofpluggable card providers (1545, 1555, 1560) is operative to enumeratethe at least one information card (1715) in each of said at least onepluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535).
 8. An apparatusaccording to claim 6, further comprising an authenticator (1705) toauthenticate a request to access one of said at least one pluggable cardstores (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535).
 9. An apparatus according toclaim 6, further comprising means for registering (1635) a new pluggablecard provider (1545, 1555, 1560) with the card provider registry (1510).10. An apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising means forderegistering (1635) one of said pluggable card stores (1515, 1520,1525, 1530, 1535) from said machine (105).
 11. An apparatus according toclaim 6, wherein the machine (105) includes at least one connector toconnect said at least one pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530,1535) to the machine (105).
 12. An apparatus according to claim 11,wherein at least one of the set of pluggable card providers (1545, 1555,1560) is operative to add a new pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525,1530, 1535) when said new pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530,1535) is connected to the at least one connector.
 13. An apparatusaccording to claim 6, further comprising a receiver (210) is operativeto receive a credential (1725) from a user to unlock at least one ofsaid at least one pluggable card stores (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535).14. A method for conducting a transaction with a relying party,comprising: identifying (605) elements of the transaction (305);receiving (610) a security policy (150) from the relying party (130),the security policy (150) including the elements of the transaction(305); receiving (615) an identifier of a selected information card(220) to conduct the transaction, the information card (220) satisfyingthe security policy (150); requesting (620) a security token (160) froman identity provider (135), providing the elements of the transaction(305) to the identity provider (135); receiving (625) the security token(160) from the identity provider (135); and transmitting (630) thesecurity token (160) to the relying party (130).
 15. A method accordingto claim 14, wherein: receiving (625) the security token (160) from theidentity provider (135) includes receiving a transaction receipt (310)from the identity provider (135); and transmitting (630) the securitytoken (160) to the relying party (130) includes transmitting thetransaction receipt (310) to the relying party (130).
 16. A methodaccording to claim 14, wherein receiving (615) an identifier of aselected information card (220) to conduct the transaction includesreceiving an identifier of a selected information card (220) includinginformation that can complete the transaction.
 17. A method according toclaim 16, wherein receiving an identifier of a selected information card(220) including information that can complete the transaction includesreceiving an identifier of a selected information card (220) includingan identifier of an account number (410).
 18. A method according toclaim 14, wherein identifying (605) elements of the transaction (305)includes identifying (605) at least one of a cost for the transaction(510) and an identifier of the relying party (135, 515).
 19. A methodaccording to claim 14, wherein receiving (610) a security policy (150)from the relying party (130) includes receiving a request for atransaction receipt (310) from the relying party (130).
 20. A methodaccording to claim 14, wherein: the method further comprises:identifying (1805) a pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535)that is available at a machine (105); and interfacing (1820) with thepluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) using a pluggablecard provider (1545, 1555, 1560); and receiving (615) an identifier of aselected information card (220) to conduct the transaction includesreceiving (1935) an identifier of an information card (220, 1715) in thepluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) from a user.
 21. Amethod according to claim 20, wherein interfacing (1820) with thepluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) includes unlocking(1830, 1835) the pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535).22. A method according to claim 21, wherein unlocking (1830, 1835) thepluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) includes: receiving(1830) a credential (1725) from the user; and providing (1835) thecredential (1725) to the pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530,1535) to enable the pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535)to authenticate the user.
 23. A method according to claim 20, furthercomprising determining (2005) that the pluggable card store (1515, 1520,1525, 1530, 1535) is no longer available at a machine (105).
 24. Amethod according to claim 23, further comprising unplugging (2015) thepluggable card provider (1545, 1555, 1560) from the card providerregistry (1510).
 25. A method according to claim 20, further comprisingplugging (1810, 1815) the pluggable card provider (1545, 1555, 1560)into the card provider registry (1510).
 26. An article, comprising astorage medium, said storage medium having stored thereon instructionsthat, when executed by a machine, result in: identifying (605) elementsof the transaction (305); receiving (610) a security policy (150) fromthe relying party (130), the security policy (150) including theelements of the transaction (305); receiving (615) an identifier of aselected information card (220) to conduct the transaction, theinformation card (220) satisfying the security policy (150); requesting(620) a security token (160) from an identity provider (135), providingthe elements of the transaction (305) to the identity provider (135);receiving (625) the security token (160) from the identity provider(135); and transmitting (630) the security token (160) to the relyingparty (130).
 27. An article according to claim 26, wherein: receiving(625) the security token (160) from the identity provider (135) includesreceiving a transaction receipt (310) from the identity provider (135);and transmitting (630) the security token (160) to the relying party(130) includes transmitting the transaction receipt (310) to the relyingparty (130).
 28. An article according to claim 26, wherein receiving(615) an identifier of a selected information card (220) to conduct thetransaction includes receiving an identifier of a selected informationcard (220) including information that can complete the transaction. 29.An article A method according to claim 28, wherein receiving anidentifier of a selected information card (220) including informationthat can complete the transaction includes receiving an identifier of aselected information card (220) including an identifier of an accountnumber (410).
 30. An article according to claim 26, wherein identifying(605) elements of the transaction (305) includes identifying (605) atleast one of a cost for the transaction (510) and an identifier of therelying party (135, 515).
 31. An article according to claim 26, whereinreceiving (610) a security policy (150) from the relying party (130)includes receiving a request for a transaction receipt (310) from therelying party (130).
 32. An article according to claim 26, wherein: saidstorage medium has stored thereon further instructions that, whenexecuted by the machine, result in: identifying (1805) a pluggable cardstore (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) that is available at a machine(105); and interfacing (1820) with the pluggable card store (1515, 1520,1525, 1530, 1535) using a pluggable card provider (1545, 1555, 1560);and receiving (615) an identifier of a selected information card (220)to conduct the transaction includes receiving (1935) an identifier of aninformation card (220, 1715) in the pluggable card store (1515, 1520,1525, 1530, 1535) from a user
 33. An article according to claim 32,wherein interfacing (1820) with the pluggable card store (1515, 1520,1525, 1530, 1535) includes unlocking (1830, 1835) the pluggable cardstore (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535).
 34. An article according to claim33, wherein unlocking (1830, 1835) the pluggable card store (1515, 1520,1525, 1530, 1535) includes: receiving (1830) a credential (1725) fromthe user; and providing (1835) the credential (1725) to the pluggablecard store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) to enable the pluggable cardstore (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) to authenticate the user.
 35. Anarticle according to claim 32, further comprising determining (2005)that the pluggable card store (1515, 1520, 1525, 1530, 1535) is nolonger available at a machine (105).
 36. An article according to claim35, further comprising unplugging (2015) the pluggable card provider(1545, 1555, 1560) from the card provider registry (1510).
 37. Anarticle according to claim 32, wherein said storage medium has storedthereon further instructions that, when executed by the machine, resultin plugging (1810, 1815) the pluggable card provider (1545, 1555, 1560)into the card provider registry (1510).